K. KRISHNAMURTI'S ESSAY SANSKRIT POETICS

                                                          Sanskrit poetics

             1) INTRODUCTION:-

                    K. krishnamurti is doyen of Sanskrit studies in India for last five decades. His essay throws light on critical concepts in Sanskrit poetics. Its comparative study of western aesthetics and Indian aesthetic. This interpreted criticized and commented on T.S. ELIOT criticism. Sanskrit literature criticism is an area of k krishnamorthy who wishes to modernize and westernize criticism. He also strives to revive the main stream native tradition of criticism.

                     Indian student of literature does not have easy access to India’s critical tradition. In these concerns Krishnamorthy has made an effort to bring, the most significant literary thinkers under one roof in Indian tradition. Among his better known works are his editions with commentaries of kuntaka’s vakroktijvita and anandavardhana’s dhvayalka.

         2)     HISTORICAL VIEW:-

                            Sanskrit is the repository of the ancient literary records in the world. One of the traditional names given for the Sanskrit religion and literature is due to. Its poetic verse form.This poetic verse from in Sanskrit is given for recitation, chanting, hymning and preserving the original accents. In Vedic literature, we have words like kaviya, alankara, rase etc. in Vedic literature which becomes key terms of Sanskrit literary criticism. Besides during 800-200 B.C., there was a rise of several intellectual disciplines to help the understanding of the Vedas. Patangali (150 B.C.) testifies to the aesthetic significance of the term rasa when he speaks of the actor in a drama. He also refers a few folk-tales of his times. Two great epics of India the RAMAYANA and the MAHABHARTA are always referred by the Indian traditions to imbibe ideas. These epics are regarded not as models of pure poetry but legendary history as well as ideal ethics perception awareness.

           3) NATYASASTRA:-

                                    Natyasastra is bharata’s encyclopedia on dramaturgy, histrionics, dance and music. It prevents the modes of art performances. It defines the art and analysis them. It revealed the art practices well as art criticism of bharata’s age. The Natyashastra was use in Sanskrit literary through as the bedrock of literary theory. Besides it gives us all the important concepts are rasa-bhava, aucitya, guna, dosa ,alamkara, urtti and the literary genres. In the doming of drama, the norms regarding plot, character, sentiment and style have remained unaltered even after the lapse of so many centuries.

            4)  THE NAMES AND NUTURE OF SANSKRIT POETIC:-

                              In Sanskrit poetics all early writers such as bhamaha (c.600), Dandin (c.700) and vamana(c.750). Udbhata and Rudrata call their treatise by the name Kavyalankara or Kavyalaksana (i.e. beautification of potry). Some earlier names of Sanskrit poetics are known by Kriyakalpa and Kriyavidhi ehich mean’s “rule of poetic art”. However, the designation sahityavidya “ theory of literature” is a later name it emphasizes the perfect concord of sound (saoda) and sense literature. But the latest and most commonly used name is alankara sanstra, science of beautification but also beauty of itself. After anadvardhan , the nature of Sanskrit poetics became current when the poetics adopted the scientific methodology and terminology of close disciplines like grammar, prosody, dramaturgy, erotic, logic and philosophy in the discussion of its basic concepts. Anandvardhana’s original observations paved the way for an age of systematization which celebrate names like kuntaka,mammata, vidyanatha, vishvanatha and jagunnatha. The systematized classics of these authors are studied throughout India. Along with commomentsries on them which restate the light of new considerations.

           5)  LITERARY GENERE:-

                                      Basically, The major geners or kavya forms mentioned by bhamaha are Art epic,darama (athinayarth), prose chromicle( akhyayika), romantic tale(katha), smaller verse- units( single self contained verse (anibaddha). Under kath and small verse sun divisions came to be noted under categories 4 and 5.

                                  

      Kath (tale) divisions are as follows:-

                          a)Upakhayana( episodic story), b) akhayana ( unsung episodic story), c)Nadarsana( didactic bird and beast fable),d) parvathika( story in dialogue),e) Matallika ( satirical story on society), f)manikulya ( story with puzzle) and  g)sakalakatha ( compele story) etc.

                       

  Anibadha ( small verse units) divisions are as follows:-

         a) Muktaka ( self contained stanza), b) sandanitaka ( two run on stanza), c) visesaka ( three run on stanza), d) kalapaka ( four run on stanza), e) kosa ( anthology of verse), f) kulaka( four to fourteen run on stanza), g) samhita ( collection of poems).

                                       

                                              Besides, we have a number of divisions under the head of light literature like vdaharna, cakravala,bhogavali and taravali etc. these related to common elements like plot, character, rasa, style, judgment and critic etc.

                                         

                                  Other manin topic of this essay are theme and technique of plot and constrations, characterization, rasa and bhava, judgement of literature,gradation of beauty in literature, Dhvani, Pratibha, Sahrdaya, Defenc Of Poerty And Criticism And Varokti.

                                          

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Creative Elements in the Film Schindler's List

                                 Novel is defined as a long narrative in prose. It is a factious prose narrative in which characters, actions and events representative of real life of past or present are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. Similarly, film is also a narrative that combines both theatrical and dramatic elements. However, the novel and the film imitate human life. To a large extent, the novel and the film are complementary to each other because they are the works of fiction.  Moreover, both are independent art forms.  Basically, the adaptation of the novel to the film is a multidisciplinary process. In a sense, Schindler’s Ark, the novel is adapted into the film Schindler’s List, is a detailed account of how German industrialist Oskar Schindler saves the lives of over a thousand Jewish people by claiming they are skilled workers and employable in his factory.

                          Basically, the novel as well as the film is based on the historical saddest incident ‘The Holocaust or Shoah’ during January, 1933 to May, 1945.  During the period, the Nazis were engaged in a systematic program of persecution and, later, mass extermination of the Jews of Europe. This period of genocide has come to be known as the Holocaust (“destruction by fire”), or Shoah, it's Hebrew name.

                     Schindler's Ark (released in America as Schindler's List) is a Booker Prize-winning novel published in 1982 by the Australian novelist Thomas Keneally.  Later on, the novel is adapted into the highly successful movie known as Schindler's List. It is directed and produced by Steven Spielberg. The novel is also awarded the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction in 1983.The novel narrates the story of Oskar Schindler, a Nazi Party member who turns into an unlikely hero by saving 1,200 Jews from concentration camps all over Poland and Germany. It is a Historical fiction which describes actual people and places with fictional events, dialogue and scenes added by the author.

                 The film Schindler's List is released on 15 December, 1993 in the United States. It is a Hollywood film. Its running time is 195 minutes. Its declared budget was $22 million while it earned a net gross revenue of $321.2 million. The screenplay of the film is written by Steven Zaillian. The music of the film is composed by John Williams. The film production company is Amblin Entertainment. The film distribution company is Universal Pictures.

                       Schindler's List is an epic historical film. The film is based on the life of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who saved the lives of more than a thousand mostly Polish-Jewish refugees during the Holocaust by employing them in his factories. The film is the recipient of seven Academy Awards (out of twelve nominations) including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Original Score as well as numerous other awards including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globes. Its stars are Oskar Schindler (actor: Liam Neeson), Schutzstaffel (SS) officer Amon Goeth (actor: Ralph Fiennes) and  Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern (actor: Ben Kingsley). The other important cast in the film are: Emilie Schindler (actress: Caroline Goodall), Poldek Pfefferberg (actor: Jonathan Sagalle), Helen Hirsch (actress: Embeth Davidtz), Wiktoria Klonowska (actress: Małgorzata Gebel), Marcel Goldberg (actor: Mark Ivanir), Ingrid (actress: Beatrice Macola), Julian Scherner (actor: Andrzej Seweryn), Rolf Czurda (actor: Friedrich von Thun), Investor (actor: Jerzy Nowak) etc.

                         Actually, Poldek Pfefferberg, one of the Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews), decided to unfold the story of Schindler to all the people of the world. So, he persuades the novelist Keneally to write a novel on the legendry personality Schindler. The film director Spielberg shows interest in the story when he reads a novel review of Schindler's Ark (written by Keneally). Again, Poldek Pfefferberg requests the film director Spielberg to adapt the novel Schindler's Ark for his film. Accordingly, Spielberg adapts and majority of the photography of the film takes place in Kraków, Poland in 1993. Spielberg shot the film in black and white (to reduce the intensity of bloodshed and horror as well as terror)  and considered it as a documentary. Cinematographer of the film Janusz Kamiński  gives the film a sense of timelessness. 

The novel as well as the film is set on the maxim that ‘he who saves a single life saves the entire world’. Schindler’s List, both the novel and the film, include many horrible and terrible heart moving episodes of Nazi's cruelty and violence. Keneally as well as Spielberg handles them in sensitively. Moreover, the novel as well as the film ends on an inspiring note of salvation rather than despair.

                        The film Schindlers List is pretty accurate. However, most of the scenes are shown in the film differently as compared to the novel. (Necessary deviations)  Underneath is a list of major deviations in the film Schindler's List which are in fact the creations of the film producer.

1) In the film, the first meeting between Schindler and Pfefferberg is in a church during the priests preaching. In the novel, Schindler has visited Pfefferberg at his mother’s house where he was almost killed by Pfefferberg because he thought that Schindler was a SS (Nazi special police) man.

2)  In the film, Schindler starts with hiring Jews and pronounces that they are cheaper. In the novel, Schindler starts with hiring only Polish workers. Later on, Schindler's Jewish accountant, Itzhak Stern, hires Jewish workers also. 

3)  In the film, the question if Emilie should join Oskar Schindler in Krakow was asked when she visited him in Krakow. In the novel, this question has not been asked till Oskar Schindler visited Emilie in their hometown Moravia, an Austrian province later on annexed to Czechoslovakia. These two events are probably combined because of the available time in the film.

4)  In the film, Poldek Pfefferberg is not a part of the OD (Ordnungsdienst, the policeforce of the Judenrat).  In the novel, Pfefferberg becomes a member of the OD to have freedom to leave the ghetto for his black market business. Filmmakers have framed the character of Pfefferberg differently to simplify the story.

5)  In the film, Schindler kissed the Jewish girl in front of the German officers during a party. In the novel, Schindler kissed the Jewish girl in his office where delegations of workers come to congratulate him. Filmmakers have framed the kiss scene in public to show that Schindler was not afraid of the German officers and even felt secure that these high placed friends would protect him. This eventually happened. This is framed differently in the movie and the book as well.

6)  In the film, a couple of high ranked friends of Schindler, like  Commandant Goeth and General Scherner, go to talk to the person who is responsible for Schindler’s arrest. They explain him why Schindler did it (the kiss scene) and get him out. In the novel, Schindler meets Czurdaand and justifies himself.

7)  In the film, Schindler is pretty fast out of jail. In the novel, Schindler has to wait for 5 days in jail before they decide to let him go. Filmmakers have speeded this event up because of the limited time that is available in the movie.

8)  In the novel, Pfefferberg wants Blauschein (labour cart) and he thought this would work out without any trouble. He assures his labour with the Spira children so he is counted as essential worker. His yellow card identifies him as a High School Professor. However, the clerks refuse to give him the sticker and he tries to get work in Szepessi’s fabrik. In the film, they show this happening but not to Pfefferberg but to another (unknown named) Jew. We think that the moviemakers decided to split Pfefferberg's character into a couple of different characters, to simplify his character, and make him less important as one person in the movie.

9)  Goeth’s manicurist, in the film, is Helen Hirsch. In the novel, Rebecca Tannerbaum is his manicurist.

10)  In the film, the stay of the women in Auschwitz is not completely shown the same way as in the novel. Keneally, author of the novel, admits that women could have been sent somewhere differently. 

11) In the film, there is a big focus on the gas rooms. It may be for dramatic effect. In the novel, the focus is on how to survive in the hard conditions they have to live in.

12)  In the film, certain scenes are a little over exaggerated as compared to the novel. For example, the fear in Auschwitz for the gas room is not described in the novel in the same way as it is shown in the film. It may be for enhancing the effect in the film. 

                     When Spielberg's film Schindler's List is released, readers as well as audience have noted some of its simplifications. Moreover, the novelist, Thomas Keneally, thought that the film has given his novel a due justice.

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PROJECT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hello friends,

                     It’s our last part of final project M.A.II year. Bibliography means work citation of your research. It’s related to work you done in your research by book, magazine, newspaper and internet etc. its give your work value in front of readers or proof your research. In bibliography you write it step by step all work cited.So member that  Firstly collect all material which is need in your research,   Read all research material,  Note which is write in which part of project chapter,   When its need you have to write in project topic as sentence or paragraph ,  Write all detail relating to material information like page no.name of book, author etc in your bibliography,  Its write in alphabetic order, You can used bibliography for all topic but if  you want to create part of wiblography. These entire things you should remember when you start you project.

                 Work cited is impotent part in final project in which you have write in last of every chapter but when you write article you have to remember that its came in last or end of research like find out in magazines of English literature than you have to got my point.  It’s different to bibliography because its came in every last chapter and shortly cited at end of sentence when you take from. So its came twice time in chapter. But bibliography only came in last of project.  For most of student this concept is know because it’s used for internet citation its other name of bibliography but used for internet recourse. you cannot use that material in which author name and title name not mention in anywhere.

                  How to write work cited, bibliography and wiblography. So in   Printed material/original book you have to write    Author name,   Book or article title,   Publisher name,  No. of edition,    Date of edition,  Print/web,    Date when you find out of material and  Time of foundation of material.In   Web resources you should write Name of author,   Title of article,    Published date ( if it’s given),    Wed site and Date and time. In  YouTube you have to write  Name of participant,  Name of show,     Who take show,  Address,   Date and time. Writer name always write firstly surname and lastly name.

Name            -      saba khan , so you write khan saba

Example:-

Khan saba, “final project”, saba’s books ltd.,  

(Name )          (title)                (publisher)         

1^st edition 2018,      print,             23/8/2018,        10:00 p.m.

(edi. and date)  (type of copy)     (date of find)        (time)

                    

                    So here, I’ll completed our final project post I hope it’s useful to you. Do your project this tips than it will get more mark. So, no need asked guide about every detail just follow this and make first copy and than check your guide and which thing he will said change than change that according project.

               

                    I’ll try giving full knowledge to you about project than Please comment, follow and share because it’s give me boost write more contain of English. I hope you like.

ANSWER PATTER IN ENGLISH SUBJECT

                                      DESCRIPTION ANSWER PATTERN
Hello Friends,

              Most of the time we are confusion abut writing a answer, commonly in B.A. and M.A. in ENGLISH SUBJECT . B.A. less mark is given to the answer like 5 marks. than what should we do? and when you get admission in M.A. than high mark is there like 15 or 16.
         
             Here i'm give you simple solution for this which is firstly you have see your previous q. paper foe analysis about mark, analysis how mark is set for one q. from your university, according to set your answer, sheet page no. must see in exam hall or get information about it somebody, asked to your lecturer or teacher how you get good marks, discus  with experience's person, inexam answer sheet presentation is important. it is write in clean and good hand writing, Don't leave any Q. in exam ,attempt all Q,  if you don't understand Q. than write relating to it.


  B.A. answer pattern:-
             
               In different university answer pattern and mark pattern is different but what is common all of them? SO, simple answer is that mark and contain which give you higher mark. In B.A. if 5 mark is there than no need to WRITE IN POINT VISE you simply write name of topic above with bold and clean hand writing, topic, genre, writer, year of written, publish date, your answer related to topic in one page.
 
M.A. answer pattern:-

           In M.A. pattern everything id different because its a master degree. So, any q. came in exam than write related MATERIAL and it's your point of view write a answer. In M.A. 15 or 16 Mark for one Q. or may more or less than what should  we do? In first  paragraph you write topic, genre, writer, year of written, publish date, some imp. detail with 3 line summary of topic and your answer related to topic in one page. In Second paragraph:-writer, death and live and important detail of writer with prize and work; In Remaining paragraphs you can mention related your topic question in point vise.In  last paragraph is conclusion.
                     
               Its important point you should write in your answer sheet than you will get good mark.
           
                  " SO, PLEASE SHARE, COMMENT AND FOLLOW"

DESCRIPTION OF CHAPTER'S FOR PROJECT - B

DESCRIPTION OF CHAPTER’S PART (B)

Hello Friends,                

                         

                            Once again I’m come with new topic of our final project and I’m divided this post in two forms. Part (A) already discuss in last post and in last of this post ,I’ll give you link for understanding of this part.  It’s part (B) of this topic. As in our earlier posts we see about contain know I’m explain about description of chapters. Its simple means which kind of chapter we prepare which give our project new points in front of readers.

                       

                         See here, I already told that 5 or 6 chapter is necessary for project, know how it prepared is? Title itself explains you about chapters. Always remember that chapter means not a just one word title.

                            In forth chapters mostly related your main title research. Its depended on title        like if its psychological view of character than mention it as I give in my earlier post Gatsby character, younger problem than mention it connected to your project theme and if its related to them than mention it.    

                              Mostly our last topic is conclusion. Conclusion nothing but your opinion and what you find in research. It’s totally intellectual work of yours, in that reader feel than really you done your research and find out solution. Simply what you understand and know after research in conclusion. So, thin to remmeber that  Last chapter is conclusion , In that not sub point included,  Mostly its finish in 4 or 5 pages,  Your learn work in point,Work sited can be included.

                             Friends remember that it’s not a chapter its different point and came in last .I’ll take in separate post so wait Here also important that you prepare your chapter in different words which is uncommon to reader and make it more actives. For instance,“Feminism In Jane Austine Novel’s Sense And Sensibility”, Unique chapter name is General,  Jane Austine as writer, An Outline of sense and sensibility, Genre Genesis, feminism in sense and sensibility and Conclusion

                    

                              Here you can easily understand about how to write chapter in unique way and its structure so remember this entire thing before you prepare project chapters.

                

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previous link part 5(a):-   http://ksabaintellectual.blogspot.com/2018/07/final-project-ma-ii-year-part-5.html
                                                                                   
                                                                                                        TO BE CONTINUED…….

    

     

DESCRIPTION OF CHAPTER'S FOR PROJECT - A

DESCRIPTION OF CHAPTER’S (PART -A)

Hello Friends,                

                        

                              Once again I’m come with new topic of our final project and I’m divided this post in two forms.  It’s part (A) of this topic. As in our earlier posts we see about contain know I’m explain about description of chapters. Its simple means which kind of chapter we prepare which give our project new points in front of readers.

                       

                         See here, I already told that 5 or 6 chapter is necessary for project, know how it prepared is? Title itself explains you about chapters. Always remember that chapter means not a just one word title. It’s sole of title body, commonly 4 or 5 pages need for complete chapter. Pages of chapter are depended on your project book or completed pages of project. So, divided that pages and you also decided in one chapter how many pages is included.

1              

                 In introduction you must describe about basic ideas related to topic which reader easy understand what title about is? for instance Introduction, meaning of main themes, meaning of novel, poem others, you can also included history of topic, methodology, aim and object, awards, adaptation and significant. But remember that Introduction, meaning, methodology, aim and object, and significant necessary to mention in first chapter.

2               

              In second chapter you can included about writer if its novel, poem and other but if its describe about movement than you have to mention character’s and historical background. It’s totally depending on topic and it’s including which is important after title. For example Writer: Introduction, bibliography, career, author purpose etc.

                

                   In third chapter mostly used plot and summary of topic if its novel drama and poem. But suppose it’s a movement than specialty of that movement which discover in that time or one famous writer and its work or adoption of film than mostly about summary of film and adopted work.For instance Introduction and summary If it’s divided in act so write it but without act number in sub point as per guide opinion.

                          

                 Here, you can easily understand about how to write chapter in unique way and its structure so remember this entire thing before you prepare project chapters. In my next post I’ll continue this topic.

                  

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                                                                                           TO BE CONTINUED…….